SLS: Nasa’s ‘megarocket’ set to fire up engines in crucial test

The four main engines of Nasa’s new “megarocket” are to be fired in unison for the first time, demonstrating the launcher’s raw, explosive power.

The Space Launch System (SLS) is part of the agency’s Artemis programme, which aims to put Americans back on the lunar surface in a few years.

The engine “hotfire” is the last in a series of tests known as the Green Run.

It will help Nasa certify the rocket for its maiden flight, scheduled to take place later this year.

When it completes that flight, the SLS will become the most powerful rocket ever to have flown to space.

This uncrewed mission, called Artemis-1, will launch Nasa’s next generation spacecraft, Orion, on a loop around the Moon.

Saturday’s eight-minute ground test – due to take place within a two-hour window from 22:00-00:00 GMT (17:00-19:00 EST) – is designed to simulate the rocket’s climb to orbit.

The core stage will be anchored to a steel structure called the B-2 test stand on the grounds of Nasa’s Stennis Space Center near Bay St Louis, Mississippi.

Once ignited, the four RS-25 engines at the base of the core will generate 1.6 million lbs (7 Meganewtons) of thrust – the force that propels a rocket through the air.

“It’s a full-duration burn – that’s what we’re targeting,” Ryan McKibben, Green Run test conductor at Nasa Stennis, told BBC News.

“Doing a whole stage test versus a single engine test is definitely exciting,” he said, adding: “It’s a unique opportunity to test drive the core stage for the first time.”

The hotfire is the eighth and final test in the Green Run, a programme of evaluation carried out by engineers from Nasa and Boeing – the rocket’s prime contractor.

“It’s been a very cautious iteration of procedures that has got us to this stage,” said John Shannon, vice president and SLS program manager at Boeing.

“It’s not a developmental or test article, it’s the flight article that will power Artemis-1 around the Moon, so we’re being very careful with it as we go.”

He praised teams for keeping the Green Run on track despite the pandemic and disruption from tropical weather.

The core stage engines, manufactured by propulsion specialist Aerojet Rocketdyne, have already made history. They’re the same type that used to power the space shuttle orbiter, and Nasa will re-use flown hardware for the first four SLS launches.

The SLS consists of the huge core stage with two smaller solid rocket boosters (SRBs) attached to the sides. Engineers have begun stacking the individual SRB segments at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, ahead of the launcher’s first flight at the end of 2021.

“This powerful rocket is going to put us in a position to be ready to support the agency and the country in deep space missions to the Moon and beyond,” John Honeycutt, SLS programme manager at Nasa’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, said during a media briefing on Tuesday.

Before the hotfire, engineers will fill the core stage with more than 700,000 gallons (2.6 million litres) of propellant.

That propellant consists of liquid hydrogen, which is the rocket’s fuel, and liquid oxygen, which helps the fuel burn. They react explosively inside the engines, generating super-heated water vapour from the exhaust.

Hydrogen and oxygen are gaseous at room temperature, but gases take up lots of space. Turning them into liquids allows an equivalent amount to be stored in a smaller tank, but also requires them to be chilled to super-cold temperatures.

When they’re fed to the engines, the propellants are at several hundred degrees below zero (F), but the exhaust that emerges at is 6,000F (3,316C) – hot enough to boil iron.

“We fire down into a bucket that has a lot of water going into it. The water keeps it from burning straight through the test stand,” Ryan McKibben told BBC News.

Hundreds of thousands of gallons of water are directed into the flame bucket to cool the exhaust. In addition, tens of thousands of gallons will be used to create a water “curtain” around the engines to suppress the noise generated when they fire for eight minutes.

This is done to protect the core stage from vibrations while it is anchored to the stand.

Over 1,400 sensors will measure how the rocket’s systems are performing during the test.

BBC