Russia has accused Western countries of encouraging rallies in support of opposition leader Alexei Navalny.
Tens of thousands defied a heavy police presence to join the rallies on Saturday. More than 3,500 were detained, monitors say.
But President Vladimir Putin’s spokesman the next day claimed only “a few” people had turned out.
European Union foreign ministers meet on Monday to discuss their response, with calls for increased sanctions.
The foreign ministers of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are demanding “restrictive measures against Russian officials responsible for arrests”.
Poland’s President Andrzej Duda also urged the EU to step up sanctions on Russia following the arrest of Mr Navalny.
Mr Navalny, President Putin’s most high-profile critic, called for protests after he was arrested on his return to Russia a week ago.
Demonstrations were held on Saturday in about 100 cities and towns from Russia’s Far East and Siberia to Moscow and St Petersburg.
In Moscow, riot police were seen beating and dragging away demonstrators.
Observers say the scale of the demonstrations across the country was unprecedented, while the protest in the capital was the largest in almost a decade.
They appeared to enjoy widespread passive support, with trolley bus passengers waving to the crowds and large numbers of car drivers beeping their horns.
The protests were also notable for the high proportion of young Russians who turned out. Opposition rallies have attracted more young people since Mr Navalny began releasing online investigations into alleged government corruption.
One such investigation released last week claimed President Putin had spent illicit funds on an extravagant Black Sea palace. The film, which was posted on YouTube, has been viewed more than 85 million times.
Many protesters said they were angered by the findings of that report, and chants of “Putin is a thief!” were heard during Saturday’s demonstrations.
Social media also played a key role in driving young people – many of whom have only ever known a Putin-led Russia – to take to the streets. Posts promoting the demonstrations were viewed hundreds of millions of times on TikTok.
The flood of videos prompted Russia’s official media watchdog, Roskomnadzor, to demand the app take down any information “encouraging minors to act illegally”.
BBC